Evolutionary ecology group Members Matthysen Erik (Spokesperson) Arvidsson Elisabeth Baardsen Lisa Furu Backeljau Thierry Borremans Benny Bots Jessica Breno Matteo Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Gryseels Sophie Helsen Philippe Helsen Sanne Heylen Dieter Hughes Nelika Iserbyt Arne Jordaens Kurt Leirs Herwig Reijniers Jonas Strubbe Diederik Swinnen Kristijn ten Broek Claartje Tersago Katrien Van Dongen Stefan van Oosten Arend Raoul Vardakis Michail Wolfram Katja De Bruyn Luc (Voluntary member) Kennis Jan (Voluntary member) Maes Joke (Voluntary member) Moerkens Rob (Voluntary member) Van Gossum Hans (Voluntary member) Verheyen Erik (Voluntary member) Main topics The Evolutionary Biology Group has two main lines of research: A) Evolutionary processes that affect biodiversity. The evolutionary relationships between different taxonomic units are studied through the analysis of morphological and molecular variation. Together with data on geographic distributions in time and space, hypotheses about diversification (speciation) and their implications for conservation and biodiversity are formulated. The historical, phylogenetic framework is supplemented with population genetic approaches and behavioural and ecological data. In addition, we explore the field of quantitative genetics in morphological and life-history characters. Current research interests are: - Population genetic, phylogenetic and phylogeographic research on hermaphroditic terrestrial gastropods. - The effects of stress on the evolutionary potential of morphological development and fitness (using fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental instability). - Studies of natural and sexual selection in insects. - Phylogeny and phylogeography of African small mammals. B) Population and disease ecology. Fluctuations in population size of small mammals are studied in temperate and tropical (mainly African) habitats, with a focus on the effects of weather, predator-prey relations and the importance of dispersal. The obtained information is used to develop population models which can be used to investigate, predict or simulate population changes. Based on the knowledge gathered about rodents that are important as crop destroyers or disease carriers, such models and other information is used to develop ecologically-based rodent management strategies. A growing field of interest is the ecology of rodent-borne diseases (e.g. hantavirus, plague), with a focus on the temporal and spatial patchyness of diseases. Website http://www.ua.ac.be/EVECO Projects Show the projects of this research team Ecology of Lassa virus and related arenavirus in the natural host Mastomys natalensis.  01/03/2013 - 28/02/2016 Abstract This is an interdisciplinary project submitted by a German anc! a Belgian partner with complementary expertise in vir% gy and ecology. It is concerned with studying the ec% gy of Arenaviruses that can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. Our understanding of the transmission mode and viral dynamic of Arenaviruses in wild/ife, however, is very limited. The natural reservoir of some Old Word Arenaviruses, including Lassa virus, is reported to be rats of the genus Mastomys. /n addition, it is a/so not known whether different types of Arenaviruses differ in their pathogenicity in their natural hosts. The object of th is work is to use experimental models and field work to address the issues described above. A better understanding of this issue might help us to identify the risk factor for zoonotic transmission of Arenaviruses from animals to humans. Duration 01/03/2013 - 28/02/2016 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Land and water research for sustainable livelihood in the South Ethiopian Rift Valley.  28/02/2013 - 28/05/2013 Abstract This project represents a formal research agreement between UA and on the other hand VLIR. UA provides VLIR research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract. Duration 28/02/2013 - 28/05/2013 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Effects of Afrotropical rainforest fragmentation on lifehistory strategies in a cooperative breeding bird.  01/01/2013 - 31/12/2016 Abstract We will study how the combination of territory quality, habitat fragmentation and isolation shape reproductive, dispersal, settlement, and territorial strategies in fragmented populations of a tropical, cooperative breeding bird species. Duration 01/01/2013 - 31/12/2016 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Complex patterns of host-pathogen interaction: the role of behaviour in mediating the spread of infectious disease through structured host populations.  01/01/2013 - 31/12/2015 Abstract In this project, I propose to examine fundamental questions of how the social and spatial structure of host populations affects the spread and persistence of an infectious disease and the behavioural mechanisms that drive this structure. To do so, I will use the quintessential infectious disease, plague (Yersinia pestis), and the major host of plague within Central Asia, the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus). Duration 01/01/2013 - 31/12/2015 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Hughes Nelika Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of founder effects and genetic diversity of introduced populations in explaining the invasion success of non-native species.  01/01/2013 - 31/12/2015 Abstract In this project, I will study the role of founder effects and genetic diversity of introduced populations in explaining the invasion success of non-native species. Here, I will use the use the invasion of Europe by ring-necked parakeets to study how founder effects influence levels of genetic diversity and structure of invading populations, and how this impacts invasion success. Duration 01/01/2013 - 31/12/2015 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Strubbe Diederik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Real-time localization system for population studies of small birds.  01/01/2013 - 31/12/2014 Abstract This project will develop a new real-time localization system for large-scale monitoring of movements of small free-living birds. The ultimate aim is to develop small miniaturised tags (max 1g) that send spatial information to detection modules in the field, which in turn send this information to a central receiving system. The objective of the current proposal is to clarify the limits and possibilities of this system. Duration 01/01/2013 - 31/12/2014 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Spatial and environmental determinants of eco-evolutionary dynamics: anthropogenic environments as a model (SPEEDY).  01/10/2012 - 30/09/2017 Abstract The overall objective of SPEEDY is to obtain integrated insight into the responses of populations and communities to urbanization. The integrated nature of our research programme refers to the fact that we consider different biological levels (communities, populations) and we specifically address interactions between both ecological and evolutionary responses (eco-evolutionary dynamics). We also seek mechanistic explanations by looking at organismal traits, consider different stressors associated with urbanization, and perform concerted research on different organism groups and spatial scales. The research will translate into a capacity to provide improved predictions of responses of natural communities to urbanization by incorporating evolutionary responses. Duration 01/10/2012 - 30/09/2017 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Virulence and diversity of African Mycobacterium ulcerans.  01/10/2012 - 30/09/2016 Abstract The project investigates both the virulence and the diversity of African Mycobacterium ulcerans using different molecular biological tools to gain fundamentel insights into Buruli ulcer disease. Duration 01/10/2012 - 30/09/2016 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Towards a knowledge-based reliable sustainable control of pear leaf flea in pear cultivation.  01/09/2012 - 31/08/2016 Abstract This project represents a research agreement between the UA and on the onther hand IWT. UA provides IWT research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract. Duration 01/09/2012 - 31/08/2016 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Eco-evolutionary dynamics in natural and anthropogenic communities (FWO Vis. Fel, Alexis RIBAS SALVADOR, Spanje).  02/01/2012 - 01/01/2013 Abstract The aim of the project is to understand how concomitant infection with helminths and viruses affects the ecology and evolutionary outcome of host-parasite interactions. Concomitant infection, which refers to the situation where two or more infectious agents coexist in the same host, is frequent in nature (Cox 2001). The interaction between concomitant infecting parasites can modify host susceptibility, parasite load intensity and the pattern of parasite distribution within the host population (Cattadori et al. 2008). In parasite communities, the interaction can be direct, when parasites compete for the same resource (e.g. space or food), or indirect, when the host''s immune response toward one parasite affects its ability to control a second parasite. Viruses and helminth parasites provoke different immune responses (TH1 in the case of viruses vs TH2 in the case of helminths) (Cox 2001). During concomitant infection there is a trade-off between these two types of responses - once the host invests in one type of response, its investment in the other is reduced leading to an indirect interaction between viruses and helminths via the host. Duration 02/01/2012 - 01/01/2013 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of exploration and experience in the development of spatial behaviour: home ranges and dispersal in the Great Tit.  01/01/2012 - 31/12/2015 Abstract Mobility is one of the most essential characteristics of life, and is closely linked with the acquisition and use of spatial information. We test two general hypotheses using field data and behavioural experiments on songbirds: (a) individuals build up spatial information in the course of their life which they use in subsequent movement decisions, and this creates carry-over effects between life stages; (b) individuals differ consistently in their use of spatial information, and this explains part of the within-population variation in mobility patterns. Duration 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2015 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Host-switching and co-speciation in the evolutionary history of two RNA viruses in Eastern Africa.  01/01/2012 - 31/12/2014 Abstract Understanding the evolution and epidemiology of RNA viruses in their natural hosts is essential for disease emergence prediction and control. Arenaviruses and hantaviruses are (mostly rodent-borne) RNA viruses causing hemorrhagic fevers and neurological disorders in humans. They are well studied in Europe and the Americas but understudied in Africa. However recent discoveries of new viruses suggest they are highly diverse in Africa. Based on previous data, it has been assumed that both groups of viruses have had long co-evolutionary histories with their hosts. However, this has not been adequately tested for African arenaviruses, and a recent study of hantaviruses instead suggests a very short co-history of preferential host switching, which has massive implications for viral emergence and control. This project intends to fill the gap in scientific knowledge of these viruses in Africa by investigating their biodiversity, biogeography and evolutionary history in relation to their hosts. Duration 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2014 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Borrelia infections in songbirds and bird-specialized ticks  01/01/2012 - 31/12/2012 Abstract Songbird-tick interactions supposedly affect the human risk of tick-borne diseases. Making use of diagnostic tests, this project aims to increase our understanding of the contribution of resident woodland songbirds and bird-specialized ticks in the terrestrial cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. by focussing on the infection risk in birds, and the capacity of bird-specialized ticks to transmit Borrelia bacteria. Duration 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Heylen Dieter Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Complex patterns of host-pathogen interaction: the role of behaviour in mediating the spread of infectious disease through structured host populations  01/01/2012 - 31/12/2012 Abstract Contrary to the large, well-mixed theoretical populations on which the spread of infectious disease has traditionally been modelled, most wildlife and human populations are socially or spatially structured into distinct groups. This is significant, as infection transmission within a structured population will also depend on group dynamics including group connectivity via individual movements. But while theoretical studies have modelled the effects of population structure and connectivity on infection dynamics, the behavioural mechanisms driving connectivity have remained largely unstudied. This project will redress this fundamental issue, using the quintessential infectious disease, plague (Yersinia pestis), and one of its major hosts, great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus), to explore how social and spatial structures within populations affect infection dynamics. Specifically, this project aims to: 1) examine how the movements of great gerbils, their predators and other secondary hosts contribute to connectivity within structured great gerbil populations, and whether there are systematic differences in these measures in different landscapes; and 2) implement a large field experiment to test whether derived hypotheses of connectivity account for the spread of fleas (and potentially, therefore, of plague) through structured populations. Duration 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Hughes Nelika Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Puumala hantavirus variation in heterogeneous environments in western Europe : ecological drivers and epidemiological outcomes  01/01/2012 - 31/12/2012 Abstract This project aims to investigate how large and small scale genetic variation of Puumala virus (PUUV), a common hantaviral zoonosis in Europe, is linked to heterogeneity in PUUV epidemiology and potential micro-evolutionary patterns in Belgium. Secondly, want to identify the ecological drivers of the observed genetic variation in PUUV, taking into account reservoir host genetics. Duration 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Tersago Katrien Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Complex patterns of host-pathogen interaction: the role of behaviour in mediating the spread of infectious disease through structured host populations.  01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Abstract Contrary to the large, well-mixed theoretical populations on which the spread of infectious disease has traditionally been modelled, most wildlife and human populations are socially or spatially structured into distinct groups. This is significant, as infection transmission within a structured population will also depend on group dynamics including group connectivity via individual movements. But while theoretical studies have modelled the effects of population structure and connectivity on infection dynamics, the behavioural mechanisms driving connectivity have remained largely unstudied. This project will redress this fundamental issue, using the quintessential infectious disease, plague (Yersinia pestis), and one of its major hosts, great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus), to explore how social and spatial structures within populations affect infection dynamics. Specifically, this project aims to: 1) examine how the movements of great gerbils, their predators and other secondary hosts contribute to connectivity within structured great gerbil populations, and whether there are systematic differences in these measures in different landscapes; 2) implement a large field experiment to test whether derived hypotheses of connectivity account for the spread of fleas (and potentially, therefore, of plague) through structured populations; and 3) seek complex but coherent spatial patterns in the distribution of infected groups using point pattern analyses. Duration 01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Fellow: Hughes Nelika Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Host-parasite interactions between resident songbirds, ixodid ticks and Borrelia spirocheten.  01/10/2011 - 30/09/2014 Abstract This project aims to increase our understanding, by focussing on: 1) the infestation risk of ticks in woodland songbirds, 2) the capacity of bird-specialized ticks to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans, and 3) the mechanisms of the spread of ticks and their diseases by woodland songbirds. The project focuses on two common hole-breeding songbird acting as tick-hosts, and three tick species with totally different life styles that commonly parasitize terrestrial songbirds in Europe and that co-occur in woodlands. Duration 01/10/2011 - 30/09/2014 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Fellow: Heylen Dieter Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolutionary biology of arenavirus-rodent interactions.  01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Abstract The evolutionary interactions of host-pathogen systems are a very interesting topic of fundamental biology, but also contribute to a better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of infections. I will focus my research on Mopeia virus (MOPV), which is closely related to the dangerous human pathogen Lassa virus (LASV) and has the same rodent host, Mastomys natalensis. MOPV is not pathogenic to humans though, making research on this virus in natural populations of M. natalensis much more feasible. I am aiming to identify the basis of the MOPV-M. natalensis interaction, by performing infection experiments in a laboratory population of M. natalensis and by genotyping different strains of MOPV. After this, I will analyse the variability of these loci in host and virus genome in natural populations through time and space. Duration 01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Fellow: Gryseels Sophie Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Quantifying the transmission dynamics of two rodent-borne viral infections in a variable environment.  01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Abstract For a better understanding of the transmission of infections, an integrative approach can prove very useful. With the ultimate aim of creating stochastic, individual-based mathematical models of the transmission of a rodent-borne virus (Mopeia virus in the African multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis), we will use laboratory as well as field experiments to collect the data necessary to feed the models. These models allow us to test fundamental epidemiological theories that have so far proven elusive to prove but are now, thanks to the unique field setup that will be used, possible to test. Duration 01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Fellow: Borremans Benny Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Study of developmental homeostasis in relation to different kinds of stress: Developmental and evolutionary consequences.  01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Abstract Developmental homeostasis (or developmental buffering) is a key factor in evolutionary process because it can maintain phenotypic consistency in spite of environmental and genetic variation and because it can hide cryptic genetic variation from selection. Despite a large interest, the basis of canalization and developmental stability (DS), the two main components of developmental buffering, are little understood. The aim of the project is to investigate the relationship between canalization and DS and to gain insights into their basis by studying their patterns of variation in different model species. Duration 01/10/2011 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Fellow: Breno Matteo Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Puumala hantavirus variation in heterogeneous environments in western Europe: ecological drivers and epidemiological outcomes.  01/10/2011 - 30/09/2012 Abstract We aim to investigate space-time genetic variation of PUUV in Belgium and how it is linked to heterogeneity in PUUV transmission efficiency, persistence and potential micro-evolutionary patterns. Second, we want to identify the ecological drivers of the observed PUUV variation, taking into account reservoir host genetics. Duration 01/10/2011 - 30/09/2012 Researcher(s) Fellow: Helsen Sanne Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group International Congres "11th African Mammal Symposium (ASMS)".  26/05/2011 - 31/12/2011 Abstract This project represents a formal service agreement between UA and on the other hand VLIR. UA provides VLIR research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract. Duration 26/05/2011 - 31/12/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Belgian network for DNA barcoding.  01/01/2011 - 31/12/2015 Abstract This is a fundamental research project financed by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO). The project was subsidized after selection by the FWO-expert panel. Duration 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2015 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Biology and control of vector-borne infections in Europe (EDENext).  01/01/2011 - 31/12/2014 Abstract We want to investigate the biological, ecological and epidemiological components of vector-borne diseases (VBD) introduction, emergence and spread, and to propose innovative tools for controlling them, building on the basis of acquired knowledge. Human behaviour and risk perception are an important component of VBD introduction, emergence and spread. The consequences triggered by VBD for human and veterinary public health in Europe are just starting to emerge in public awareness. We will also account for this aspect of human and veterinary public health in our project. Duration 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2014 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The return of the European beaver (Castor fiber) in Belgium as an invasive species, ecology and risk assessment.  01/01/2011 - 31/12/2014 Abstract The European beaver (Castor fiber) was illegally reintroduced after an absence of more than one century. I will examine which habitat parameters are the most important for settling and determine which areas are suitable but unoccupied. Then I''ll evaluate how easy/difficult these suitable areas can be reached. The effect of river characteristics on the dam building behavior will be analysed. Finally, we will determine a number of areas in Flanders where the dams potentially cause the most economical damage. Duration 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2014 Researcher(s) Fellow: Swinnen Kristijn Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolution of intra-sexual colour polymorphism in female damselflies of different shape frequencies.  01/01/2011 - 31/12/2012 Abstract This project represents a research agreement between the UA and on the onther hand IWT. UA provides IWT research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract. Duration 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Fellow: Iserbyt Arne Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of genetic variation in explaining the invasion success of nonnative species  01/01/2011 - 31/12/2012 Abstract The invasion success of nonnative species depends on the interaction between life history characteristics of species and environmental characteristics. It however remains difficult to characterize the probability of successful species invasions, or to explain why some introductions are successful whereas others fail. This is, at least partly, due to the fact that, up to date, the role of genetic variation during species invasions has largely been ignored. Based upon the invasion of Europe by the Afro-Asiatic ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri), this pilot study will assess whether genetic variation within a population relates to the pattern of population growth and geographic expansion of that population. This study will also test whether the genetic structure between European parakeet populations is linked to climate factors. This way, new information on the role of (intraspecific) genetic variation during biological invasions will be obtained. This knowledge can then be used to identify populations that are most likely to adapt to the current and future (climate) environments, or to gauge how the invasiveness of populations can change in reaction to climate change. Duration 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Strubbe Diederik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Fluctuating asymmetry and fitness of plants from Chernobyl.  01/01/2011 - 31/12/2011 Abstract Study of the reduction in developmental stability in plants exposed to different doses of radiation in Chernobyl. Duration 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Congo basin integrated monitoring for forest carbon mitigation and biodiversity (COBIMFO).  15/12/2010 - 31/03/2015 Abstract The main objective of het project is to get baseline reference data on the C stocks and biodiversity in pristine and intervened dense tropical forests of the Congo Basin and to increase our understanding in the relationship between both variables as a function of forest management (and the likelihood that the societies will preserve these stocks in the long-term). Duration 15/12/2010 - 31/03/2015 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group FWO Visiting Postdoctoral Fellowship (Peter KORSTEN, NL)  01/11/2010 - 31/10/2011 Abstract This is a fundamental research project financed by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO). The project was subsidized after selection by the FWO-expert panel. Duration 01/11/2010 - 31/10/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The genetic and developmental basis of developmental buffering.  01/10/2010 - 20/04/2014 Abstract Buffering is the process that minimizes phenotypic variation arising from genetic and environmental perturbations during development. It is considered an important process in evolutionary biology due to its ability to conceal genetic variation from selection, but nevertheless little is known about its genetic and developmental basis. This projects aims to fill this gap in our knowledge by examining the underlying processes of developmental stability in two unique vertebrate model systems. Developmental stability is the component of development buffering that acts at the individual level by buffering against random variation arising in the developmental process. It can be easily empirically determined by quantifying the level of fluctuating asymmetry, i.e. random deviations from perfect symmetry in a bilateral symmetric trait. To investigate the genetic and developmental basis of developmental stability, I will (1) investigate the associations between levels of fluctuating asymmetry and the presence and severity of congenital abnormalities in early deceased human fetuses (based on a hospital collection) and rabbit fetuses (experimentally exposed to teratogenic products) and (2) use genome-wide screening to detect mutations that influence the level of fluctuating asymmetry. It is expected that this multidisciplinary approach will indicate (1) developmental systems and (2) genetic pathways that affect developmental stability. Duration 01/10/2010 - 20/04/2014 Researcher(s) Fellow: Bots Jessica Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolutionary history of Old World arenaviruses and their murine hosts in Africa.  01/10/2010 - 30/09/2013 Abstract Arenaviruses are viruses normally carried by rodents. Some of them are highly pathogenic to humans. They are divided into the New World (NW) and the Old World (OW) groups. Until recently, it was assumed that arenaviruses stay with the rodent species in which they are found (co-speciation). While a recent study on NW arenaviruses did not find any evidence to support this assumption, the only existing study on OW arenaviruses is not convincing one way or the other. Recent discoveries of new arenaviruses suggest that their evolutionary history is more subtle than previously thought with possible transfers between species depending on the relatedness of the hosts. My project aims to i) analyze a large number of existing rodent samples from East Africa to discover new arenaviruses and test the limits of host specificity; ii) sequence new strains/species of arenaviruses starting with two I found during my first FWO postdoctoral mandate. With this expanded data on OW arenaviruses, I will analyze the processes generating variation in arenaviruses and test for co-speciation and transfer events. I will also test for signals of the selective effect arenaviruses have on their hosts by analyzing polymorphism of the host cell receptor gene of OW arenaviruses. Duration 01/10/2010 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Fellow: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of niche conservatism, genetic variation and facilitative species interactions in explaining the invasion success of non-native species.  01/10/2010 - 30/09/2013 Abstract By addressing several understudied aspects of invasions, this project aims to increase our understanding of invasion success. First, using data on bird introductions in Europe, I will assess the validity of the often used assumption of niche conservatism (i.e. the tendency of species to retain ancestral ecological traits), as niche shifts during invasion may allow species to occupy habitats different from the ones used in their native range. Second, I will use the invasion of Europe by ring-necked parakeets to study the influence of intraspecific niche variation on invasion success. Geographical variation in niche requirements can result in variation in speciesenvironment relationships, and ignoring this can lead to both over- and underestimates of the invasion potential. Lastly, most research on biotic interactions has focused on negative interactions (competition, predation). However, facilitation could be equally important and the recent colonization of European cities by different parakeet species offers an opportunity to study facilitation among invading species. Duration 01/10/2010 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Fellow: Strubbe Diederik Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Soutien académique pour le développement de la recherche appliquée sur les petits mammifères nuisibles en R.D. Congo.  15/05/2010 - 14/05/2013 Abstract Les obiectifs orincioaux sont de continuer a arneliorer le niveau scientifiaue dans le domaine de la biolonie des rongeurs notamment c o m e vecteurs de maladies et ravageurs des cultures ; de faciliter la recherche des etudiants et doctorants sur place; de creer une nouvelle synergie entre les commuoautes scientifiques intemationales, nationales et locales par la mise a disposition des oeuvres publiees a Kisangani. Duration 15/05/2010 - 14/05/2013 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Verheyen Erik Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group FWO Visiting Postdoctoral Fellowship (Joël WHITE, France).  01/05/2010 - 30/04/2011 Abstract The general aim of this project is to study the processes contributing to the evolution of host specificity in parasites, using bird-tick interactions as a model system. One of the major aims is to study transmission of parasites within and among host species. Because parasites are nidicolous and therefore restricted to nest sites (cavities), the use of nest or roost cavities by hosts in response to parasite infestation plays a crucial role in transmission. Birds can avoid cavities with parasites by using different kinds of information: the current presence of parasites, their own previous experience in the nest site (personal information) or information obtained from observing other birds (social information) - which is perhaps less likely in the case of ectoparasites. By switching between parasitized and parasite-free nests, birds may actually carry parasites to noninfested sites and thereby enhance transmission of parasites between cavities and even among host individuals or species. Duration 01/05/2010 - 30/04/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Eco-evolutionary dynamics in natural and anthropogenic communities.  01/01/2010 - 31/12/2014 Abstract This is a fundamental research project financed by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO). The project was subsidized after selection by the FWO-expert panel. Duration 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2014 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Population structure, transmission and host specificity in a nidicolous ectoparasite, the tick Ixodes arboricola.  01/01/2010 - 31/12/2013 Abstract The aim of this project is to study host specialization and genetic structure in an ecologically specialized tick species, I. arboricola. This project will deliver novel insights into the evolution of host specialization in ticks and more generally in parasites, and the role of different mechanisms herein. In addition we will obtain detailed insights in host selection, transmission and dispersal in a group of ectoparasites with high societal relevance. Duration 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2013 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Characterisation of genes involved in arenavirus - host interaction  01/01/2010 - 31/12/2011 Abstract To determine genetic factors involved in the evolutionary outcome of arenavirus-rodent host interaction, I will characterise genetic markers involved in the cellular host-parasite interactions of three murid-arenavirus systems: Mastomys natalensis-Morogoro virus and two new arenaviruses I discovered in 2008 in Mus minutoides and Lemniscomys rosalia. I will then investigate the polymorphism of these markers in nature. Duration 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evaluation of the applicability of developmental instability as risk marker in pharmatoxicological studies  01/01/2010 - 31/12/2011 Abstract Developmental instability (DI), the sensitivity of a developing system to random noise, is assumed to reflect quality and ''health'' of populations and individuals. In this study it will be evaluated for the first time whether DI can be applied as a reliable and sensitive marker for possible teratogenic effects in experimental animals in pharmatoxicological research. Duration 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Bots Jessica Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group FWO Visiting Postdoctoral Fellowship (Julien PETILLON, France)  01/11/2009 - 31/10/2010 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/11/2009 - 31/10/2010 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Study of the genetic basis of developmental instability in deceased human fetuses.  01/10/2009 - 30/09/2013 Abstract Developmental instability (DI), the sensitivity of a developing system to random noise, is assumed to reflect quality and ''health'' of populations and individuals. However, the literature is very heterogeneous and it is currently impossible to understand the reasons for this heterogeneity because of a lack of insights in the mechanisms that determine levels of DI. In this project we aim at gaining further insights in the mechanisms of DI. Duration 01/10/2009 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Bots Jessica Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Dispersal, parental care and personality traits in the Great Tit.  01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Abstract The general aim of this project is to study how individual variation in behaviour, in offspring as well as parents, contributes to variation in dispersal in natural populations. We use the great tit as a model system using dispersal data from an ongoing population study in a fragmented woodland system. The study of personalities is based on previous research showing that a standardized exploration score provides information on heritable behavioural syndromes. We study how different aspects of spatial behaviour (dispersal, home ranges, family movements during parental care) are related to each other and to personality variation. This variation will be linked also to available fitness data (survival and reproduction). Duration 01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolutionary biology of arenavirus-rodent interactions.  01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Abstract The evolutionary interactions of host-pathogen systems are a very interesting topic of fundamental biology, but also contribute to a better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of infections. I will focus my research on Mopeia virus (MOPV), which is closely related to the dangerous human pathogen Lassa virus (LASV) and has the same rodent host, Mastomys natalensis. MOPV is not pathogenic to humans though, making research on this virus in natural populations of M. natalensis much more feasible. I am aiming to identify the basis of the MOPV-M. natalensis interaction, by performing infection experiments in a laboratory population of M. natalensis and by genotyping different strains of MOPV. After this, I will analyse the variability of these loci in host and virus genome in natural populations through time and space. Duration 01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Fellow: Gryseels Sophie Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Selection on dispersion-related traits in highly dynamic environments: the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) as model species.  01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Abstract This project tests the hypothesis that dispersal-related traits are subjected to different selective pressures depending on the isolation and lifespan of populations. Natterjack toads are used as a model species. Toads are collected in small isolated populations as well as larger network populations, and raised in a common environment. We measure traits that are potentially related to dispersal including development, morphology, locomotion, exploratory behaviour and habitat use. Using these data we study differentiation among populations as well as associations among traits. We also determine the extent of neutral (molecular) variation among populations. Duration 01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Van Damme Raoul Fellow: Maes Joke Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of developmental homeostasis on the evolutionary potential of a complex trait: the skull of the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis) as model system  01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Abstract This is a fundamental research project financed by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO). The project was subsidized after selection by the FWO-expert panel. Duration 01/10/2009 - 30/09/2011 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Fellow: Breno Matteo Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Separating history from natural selection during the co-evolution of hantaviruses and their rodent hosts in Europe.  01/10/2009 - 30/09/2010 Abstract Hantaviruses and their rodent/insectivore hosts are often taken as textbook examples of parasite-host co-evolution. But after closer scrutiny, this relationship is actually not that straightforward: the genetic variation within hantavirus lineages shows topological patterns that are considerably different from those of the hosts. In Europe this could possibly be related to the recolonization pattern since the last ice age, but the reasons behind this pattern remain to be elucidated. The purpose of our study would be to try to unravel the evolutionary drivers (e.g. local adaptation and exctinction, co-speciation, host-switching,..) and their relative roles in shaping the current geographic and allelic distribution of the European hantaviruses and their hosts. The work will be done in close co-operation with several specialized research groups (a.o. the Center of Biology and Management of Populations in Montpellier), utilizing state-of-the-art methods in molecular evolutionary genetics. Duration 01/10/2009 - 30/09/2010 Researcher(s) Fellow: Borremans Benny Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Cost efficient modelling of denominator data for spatial epidemiological studies in extensive livestock systems  01/09/2009 - 31/08/2013 Abstract This project represents a research agreement between the UA and on the onther hand IWT. UA provides IWT research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract. Duration 01/09/2009 - 31/08/2013 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Mate choice & patterns of adaptive variation in the European black vulture (Aegypius monachus).  01/09/2009 - 31/08/2013 Abstract This project represents a formal research agreement between UA and on the other hand KMDA. UA provides KMDA research results mentioned in the title of the project under the conditions as stipulated in this contract. Duration 01/09/2009 - 31/08/2013 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Visiting Postdoct. Fellow for the FWO-project: "Study of the role of selection history on the association between developmental instability and stress and fitness: habitat islands as model system". (Chavali VISHALAKSHI, India)  01/06/2009 - 31/05/2010 Abstract With this project we aim at disentangling the role of (recent) selection pressures and evolutionary response on the levels of DI and its sensitivity as a measure of stress and fitness. We will compare patterns between traits that are under stabilizing selection and under recent or more ancient directional selection. Duration 01/06/2009 - 31/05/2010 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Habitat utilization, population dynamics of rodents and potential for transmission of zoonoses in agro-ecosystems and human settlements in the Tigrey region, Northern Ethiopia.  01/04/2009 - 31/03/2011 Abstract Rodent population density changes at spatial and temporal scales due to environmental conditions, habitat type and interactions with the same or different species. It is important to understand the dynamics of these changes in northern Ethiopia. Objectives: (i) To establish habitat utilization of rodents in agricultural/non agricultural landscapes (ii) To investigate the population dynamics of rodent species (iii) To establish the burden of disease pathogens and the temporal variations of zoonotic agents in the rodent populations Duration 01/04/2009 - 31/03/2011 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: D'Haese Luc Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Infectious disease models: wildlife ecology, ecological disturbance and transmission to humans.  01/01/2009 - 31/12/2012 Abstract Changing environmental conditions (e.g. climate) are likely to affect the ecology of infections, through changes in the abundance of susceptible natural host populations or by affecting transmission rates (directly or through vectors). This project investigates these effects, through observations, experiments and mathematical modelling, for five model infections selected for their different characteristics (hantaviruses in voles, plague in gerbils, arenavirus in African mice, dengue fever in humans, rotaviruses in vaccinated humans). The insights are used to evaluate potential changes in burden of disease, with or without control measures. Duration 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Beutels Philippe Co-principal investigator: Van Damme Pierre Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Study of the role of selection history on the association between developmental instability and stress and fitness: habitat islands as model system.  01/01/2009 - 31/12/2012 Abstract With this project we aim at disentangling the role of (recent) selection pressures and evolutionary response on the levels of DI and its sensitivity as a measure of stress and fitness. We will compare patterns between traits that are under stabilizing selection and under recent or more ancient directional selection. Duration 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Van Damme Raoul Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The effect of endosymbionts on the evolution of arachnid dispersal.  01/01/2009 - 31/12/2012 Abstract This is a fundamental research project financed by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO). The project was subsidized after selection by the FWO-expert panel. Duration 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2012 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Van Gossum Hans Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolutionary genetics of arenavirus-rodent interactions. The Mopeia virus and its host reservoir, mastomys natalensis.  01/01/2009 - 31/12/2011 Abstract This is a fundamental research project financed by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO). The project was subsidized after selection by the FWO-expert panel. Duration 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolution of intra-sexual colour polymorphism in female damselflies of different shape frequencies.  01/01/2009 - 31/12/2010 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2010 Researcher(s) Fellow: Iserbyt Arne Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Population dynamics -and simulation of earwings in orchards: density dependence in a population of generalist predators.  01/01/2009 - 31/12/2010 Abstract Earwigs, Forficula auricularia (L.) (Dermaptera, Forficulidae), are very important predators in fruit orchards. They are capable of suppressing outbreaks of pest species like pear psyllid and different aphid species, in apple and pear orchards. Earwigs could play an important role in integrated fruit orchards en could be an essential key factor in organic fruit growing. However, earwig populations are very unstable with large interannual variations in population size. Therefore, their practical use in control strategies stays very limited. To find solutions for this problem we are building a population model which will allow us to analyse the population with sensitivity analysis, so that critical periods in the life-cycle could be identified as targets for interventionbs. This should result into an optimal orchard management were abiotic and biotic factors and the impact of human actions on the earwig population are taken into account. The existing biological information needed to create such a model is not sufficient, especially where it concerns interactions with other species. Using a combination of field -and lab experiments, we will collect information about the model parameters for such interactions. In this project we will focus mainly on density dependent factors, like parasitism (by tachinids), predation, intra- and interspecific competition. Duration 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2010 Researcher(s) Fellow: Moerkens Rob Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Layout and development of an ecological landscape model as a model instrument for the ecological infrastructure in the Antwerp port.  15/12/2008 - 15/07/2011 Abstract This project will produce a landscape ecological model that allows to quantify the effect of planned or realised changes in the Antwerp Harbour area on the connectivity between natural animal populations. The model is based on analysis of least-cost paths as a function of landscape resistance. The model is parameterized for a number of target species including natterjack toad and bats with additional species to be determined. The project will deliver a practical instrument for monitoring the functioning of the Ecological Infrastructure in the harbour area. Duration 15/12/2008 - 15/07/2011 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Meire Patrick Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The impact of heavy metal pollution on fitness-related characters in snails and its implications for the population genetic structure and genetic diversity (FWO. Vis. Fellowship, Joris KOENE, Nederland)  01/12/2008 - 30/11/2009 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/12/2008 - 30/11/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Jordaens Kurt Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Wildlife population ecology and human-wildlife interactions in and around Saadani National Park.  01/10/2008 - 30/09/2013 Abstract The project is aimed at capacity development at the Department of Wildlife Management at the Sokoine University of Agriculture, in teaching as well as in research. This will be done by improving the zoology laboratory facilities, training Ph.D.- and M.Sc.-students and supporting studies on wildlife ecology and human-wildlife interactions in and around the recently established Saadani National Park. The vertebrate thuna of the park will be inventoried and the ecology of selected model species will be studied. This park is confronted by a number of ecological threats that are related to human livelihood issueg in neighboüring conununities such as blockage of wildlife migratory corridors, habitat loss and use of natural resources. Given the complexities of the threats, both ecological and social studies are crucial. The project will investigate the possible causes, éffects and costs of conflict between local social actors and the park. The specific developmental objective of the project is thus to create a scientific basis for better management of the Saadani ecosystem, within and around the park, while the overall academie objective is to attain academie excellence in wildlife management research and training at SUA. Duration 01/10/2008 - 30/09/2013 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Study of the mechanisms of developmental instability in deceased human fetusses and infants.  01/10/2008 - 30/06/2013 Abstract Developmental instability (DI), the sensitivity of a developing system to random noise, is assumed to reflect quality and ''health'' of populations and individuals. However, the literature is very heterogeneous and it is currently impossible to understand the reasons for this heterogeneity because of a lack of insights in the mechanisms that determine levels of DI. In this project we aim at gaining further insights in the mechanisms of DI. Duration 01/10/2008 - 30/06/2013 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Dispersal, connectivity and population viability of birds in a fragmental afrotropical rainforest.  01/10/2008 - 30/09/2012 Abstract This project aims to model viability of threatened bird populations in highly fragmented biodiversity hotspot in Kenya, based on demographic data, behavioural observations and landscape connectivity analysis. The results will be integrated in a multidisciplinary study on reforestation priorities within the study area. Duration 01/10/2008 - 30/09/2012 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The adaptation ability of small mammals to utilise newly created habitats in fragmented rainforest: ecological and genetical backgrounds.  01/10/2008 - 30/09/2010 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2008 - 30/09/2010 Researcher(s) Fellow: Kennis Jan Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Studies to identify the reservoir of "Mycobacterium Ulcerans" in nature and its mode(s) of transmission to humans.  01/09/2008 - 31/03/2013 Abstract Buruli ulcer (BU), a skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is endemic in Ghana. Until now little research has been carried out in Ghana to identify the reservoir of this disease. This project aims at carrying out research in order to acquire knowledge about the reservoir and mode(s) of transmission of BU in Ghana allowing the development of prevention strategies. This will lead to a sustainable decrease in morbidity of BU. The research will contribute to developing and promoting NMIMR as a recognised "centre of excellence" for the integrated study of BU at a high academic standard. Duration 01/09/2008 - 31/03/2013 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Agricultural rodent control: a workshop to disseminate recent research results among village executive officers and district officers  01/08/2008 - 31/07/2009 Abstract In this initiative we will disseminate information on the topic of rodent control in agricultural fields. We aim to spread recently obtained research results with a strong potential for practical implementation. Hereby we will create, for the very first time, the possibility for village executive offiers, district officers, the agricultural officers form the Rodent Control Centre and the researchers from SUA and UA to meet all together and to exchange their respective experiences and their know-hows about the topic. Duration 01/08/2008 - 31/07/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group FWO-Visiting Postdoctoral Fellowship (Heike KAPPES, Germany)  01/05/2008 - 30/04/2009 Abstract The primary project airns at relating neutral genetic divergence to quantitative genetic divergence within a metapopulation framework caused by habitat fragmentation. The model organisms for this study are wolf spiders (Lycosidae: Pardosa). Although these animals show several interesting features for this kind of work, the picture they may provide on the etfrts of habitat fraginentation wifl be biased towards organisros that are characterised by (1) relatively high dispersal capabilities (running, ballooning), (2) obligate outcrossing, (3) differential sex ratios (affecting, for example, effèctive population sizes), and (4) possible resource limitations due to variable prey abundance. The present proposal for a visiting postdoctoral fellowship therefore aims at expanding the scope and picture of the primary project by focusing on a number of terrestrial gastropods. Slugs and snails can indeed be regarded as ''complementary'' to wolf spiders because on the one hand they are ground-dwelling orgarnisms that belong to the same macroscopic size category as wolf spiders, while on the other hand (1) they have more limited dispersal capacities, (2) they are hermaphrodites that may be not obligatory outcrossers, (3) they have no differential sex ratios, and (4) they are probably much less limited by food supplies. Consequently, the research conducted during the visiting postdoctoral fellowship will strengthen the primary project because the comparison of spatial structuring in ''neutral'' vs. quantitative genetic variation in wolfspiders and terrestrial gastropods will provide a more general picture of the effects of habitat fragmentation by contrasting a wider array of interfering, ecologically relevant factors, It should be emphasised that hitherto very few studies have addressed the effects of habitat fragmentation in terrestrial gastropods, so that the fellowship is expected to provide much needed basic data on this issue. Hence the comparative work on wolf spiders and terrestrial gastropods is expected to lead to novel insights in the effects of habitat fragmentation in abundant, speciose and ecologically important taxa, that unfortunately still all too often are neglected in landscape management and conservation biology. Duration 01/05/2008 - 30/04/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Population viability in fragmented rainforest: integrating individual-based modeling with landscape dynamics and connectivity.  01/01/2008 - 31/12/2011 Abstract This project aims to study factors that affect the long-term population viability of Afrotropical bird species for which forest deterioration and isolation act synergistically at different spatial scales. We will parameterize and integrate spatially-explicit metapopulation-, forest- and landscape-models that encompass both fine-grained and coarse-grained dynamic processes. Duration 01/01/2008 - 31/12/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Immuno-ecology of viral infections in the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis: characterisation of of class I and class II MHC genes.   01/01/2008 - 31/12/2009 Abstract The overall aim of my research is to determine the intrinsic, extrinsic and genetic factors involved in the evolutionary outcome of Mopeia-Mastomys natalensis interactions in wild populations. In this context, I am planning to isolate and characterise MHC genes, orthologous to those found to be polymorphic and associated to RNA virus immune responses in other rodents. Duration 01/01/2008 - 31/12/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolution of intrasexual colour polymorphism in female damselflies.  01/01/2008 - 31/12/2008 Abstract Species showing multiple morphs present a challenge for evolutionary theory. Current explanations for the evolution of female-limited polymorphism do not suffice to account for the recently observed variation in female morph frequencies, which is far greater than previously appreciated. Focus on variation in density and frequency in relation to morph-specific fitness, behaviour and morphology should allow reaching a more general explanation. Duration 01/01/2008 - 31/12/2008 Researcher(s) Fellow: Iserbyt Arne Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Sabbatical leave within the framework of animal ecology.  01/01/2008 - 31/07/2008 Abstract The purpose of this sabbatical leave is to answer a number of research questions using state-of-the-art statistical analyses on long-term datasets. This includes analyses of survival, population structure and heritability of traits. In particular I will study changes in life-history traits because of climate change and the role of genetic variation therein. Duration 01/01/2008 - 31/07/2008 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Evolutionary ecology of arenavirus-rodent interactions: the Mopeia virus and its host reservoir, Mastomys natalensis.  01/10/2007 - 30/09/2010 Abstract The objectives of the project are to investigate i) the spatio-temporal patterns of MV occurrence in relation to M. natalensis dynamics and environmental factors in Tanzania and ii) the role of MV in the evolution of the reservoir host populations. More specifically, I will address the following questions : 1-Is there a spatio-temporal pattern in the occurrence of MV among M. natalensis populations in relation to their population dynamics? 2-What demographic traits influence the probability of an individual rat being or becoming virus antibody positive? 3- What habitat features are correlated to the presence of MV? 4- What is the evolutionary impact of MV on its host populations, especially on the MHC polymorphism? Duration 01/10/2007 - 30/09/2010 Researcher(s) Fellow: Gouy de Bellocq Joëlle Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Dispersal, parental care and personality traits in the Great Tit.  01/01/2008 - 30/09/2009 Abstract The general aim of this project is to study how individual variation in behaviour, in offspring as well as parents, contributes to variation in dispersal in natural populations. We use the great tit as a model system using dispersal data from an ongoing population study in a fragmented woodland system. The study of personalities is based on previous research showing that a standardized exploration score provides information on heritable behavioural syndromes. We study how different aspects of spatial behaviour (dispersal, home ranges, family movements during parental care) are related to each other and to personality variation. This variation will be linked also to available fitness data (survival and reproduction). Duration 01/01/2008 - 30/09/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Selection of dispersion-related traits in highly dynamic environments: the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) as model species.  01/01/2008 - 30/09/2009 Abstract This project tests the hypothesis that dispersal-related traits are subjected to different selective pressures depending on the isolation and lifespan of populations. Natterjack toads are used as a model species. Toads are collected in small isolated populations as well as larger network populations, and raised in a common environment. We measure traits that are potentially related to dispersal including development, morphology, locomotion, exploratory behaviour and habitat use. Using these data we study differentiation among populations as well as associations among traits. We also determine the extent of neutral (molecular) variation among populations. Duration 01/01/2008 - 30/09/2009 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Van Damme Raoul Fellow: Maes Joke Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Variation in female morph frequencies in a polymorphic damselfly: causes and consequences.  01/07/2007 - 31/12/2011 Abstract Species showing multiple morphs present a challenge for evolutionary theory. Current explanations for the evolution of female-limited polymorphism do not suffice to account for the recently observed variation in female morph frequencies, which is far greater than previously appreciated. Focus on variation in density and frequency in relation to morph-specific fitness, behaviour and morphology should allow reaching a more general explanation. Duration 01/07/2007 - 31/12/2011 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Gossum Hans Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Study of the genetic and molecular architecture of developmental instability in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio).  01/01/2007 - 31/12/2010 Abstract The genetic basis of developmental instability is only poorly understood. In this project, its evolutionary potential and genetic basis will be studies using classic quantitative genetic experiments, QTL mapping and micro-array analyses. Since developmental instability often increases with stress, we will determine its genetic and molecular architecture under different stress conditions. Duration 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2010 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Do organisms follow the route with lowest resistance? An evaluation of least cost connectivity models considering empirical data and individual based simulation models.  01/01/2008 - 31/12/2008 Abstract Least-cost models are increasingly used as a simple GIS tool to quantify connectivity among habitat patches. While the method is easy to use, few data are available that allow a validation of model paths in relation to real dispersal paths. We use a combination of empirical data and behavioural simulations to test this. Duration 01/01/2008 - 31/12/2008 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Geographic variation in female morph frequencies in a polymorphic damselfly: causes and consequences.  01/01/2007 - 31/12/2008 Abstract Current explanations for the evolution of female-limited polymorphism do not suffice to account for the recently observed geographic variation in female morph frequencies, which is far greater than previously appreciated. A preliminary genetic study allows exploring plausible reasons for the observed variation in morph frequencies. To reach more general understanding of this polymorphism I aim at exploring the consequences of the variation in morph frequencies on female morph behaviour and morphology. Duration 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2008 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Gossum Hans Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Geographical modelling of the distribution of bubonic plague in Africa: an ecological study on different scale levels.  01/01/2007 - 31/12/2008 Abstract Bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a zoonose that prevails in small mammals and is transmitted by their ectoparasites, i.e. fleas. The disease occurs in natural foci spread all over the world. Up to present, the ecology of plague is still unknown; more specifically, the mechanisms that determine the presence of bubonic plague in specific regions are not well understood. This study aims at (1) contributing to the better understanding of the mechanisms that determine the presence of plague in certain regions, (2) establishing underlying ecological factors that influence the occurrence of plague and (3) identifying areas of potential plague risk in Africa. However, there is only little scientific knowledge to go by, it is difficult to formulate specific hypotheses, and consequently, also difficult to stipulate an exact scale level to work on. Therefore, the phenomena plague is studied on three different scale levels. On the first level ¿ the continental level -, the distribution of plague is considered on the continent Africa. During the last decades, Africa was characterized by a very high percentage (more then 90%) of all human plague cases. The plague problem is approached by means of a recent technique used in research concerning the ecology and epidemiology of infectious diseases, Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM). Ecological niches and potential geographic distributions are modelled using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP). In general GARP focuses on modelling ecologic conditions wherein a species, in this case bubonic plague, can maintain populations without immigration. Specifically, GARP relates ecological characteristics of occurrence points to those of points sampled randomly from the rest of the study region, developing a series of decision rules that best summarize factors associated with presence. As a final result, potential plague distribution areas are identified and demarcated. On the second level, the same ENM-approach is practiced for two endemic plague regions (Lushoto district, in Tanzania and Ituri district, in DRCongo) and their surroundings with this distinction that the resolution from the environmental GIS coverages is higher. In this way, other environmental variables could be studied and moreover, we could examine them in more detail. In addition, specific attention can be drawn to the transition between the plague region and their surroundings. Finally, on the third level, we focus on some villages in Lushoto district. Abiotic and biotic characteristics (soil characteristics like texture, soil humidity, soil temperature, etc.; landscape connectivity; rodent and flea species composition, climatic variables; population density in the villages and their hamlets; etc.) are collected and compared in some plague-positive and plague-negative villages in order to establish underlying ecological variables that are (partly) responsible for the presence of plague in a village. Duration 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2008 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Population dynamics -and simulation of earwings in orchards: density dependence in a population of generalist predators.  01/01/2007 - 31/12/2008 Abstract Earwigs, Forficula auricularia (L.) (Dermaptera, Forficulidae), are very important predators in fruit orchards. They are capable of suppressing outbreaks of pest species like pear psyllid and different aphid species, in apple and pear orchards. Earwigs could play an important role in integrated fruit orchards en could be an essential key factor in organic fruit growing. However, earwig populations are very unstable with large interannual variations in population size. Therefore, their practical use in control strategies stays very limited. To find solutions for this problem we are building a population model which will allow us to analyse the population with sensitivity analysis, so that critical periods in the life-cycle could be identified as targets for interventionbs. This should result into an optimal orchard management were abiotic and biotic factors and the impact of human actions on the earwig population are taken into account. The existing biological information needed to create such a model is not sufficient, especially where it concerns interactions with other species. Using a combination of field ¿and lab experiments, we will collect information about the model parameters for such interactions. In this project we will focus mainly on density dependent factors, like parasitism (by tachinids), predation, intra- and interspecific competition. Duration 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2008 Researcher(s) Fellow: Moerkens Rob Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Sexual selection in hermaphroditic land snails (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Succineidae).  01/10/2006 - 30/09/2009 Abstract This project uses the land snail Succinea putris to test several recent hypotheses on sexual selection and sperm-trading in hermaphroditic animals: 1) individuals assess the quality of their partner even during copulation, 2) individuals change the physiology of their partner to enhance their fertilization chances, 3) individuals allocate more to male structures at higher population densities and 4) reciprocal sperm-transfer not necessarily implements reciprocal fertilization. Duration 01/10/2006 - 30/09/2009 Researcher(s) Fellow: Jordaens Kurt Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Sexual conflict, parasites and the evolution of damselfly mating systems.  01/10/2006 - 31/07/2009 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2006 - 31/07/2009 Researcher(s) Fellow: Van Gossum Hans Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The adaptation ability of small mammals to utilise newly created habitats in fragmented rainforest: ecological and genetical backgrounds.  01/10/2006 - 30/09/2008 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2006 - 30/09/2008 Researcher(s) Fellow: Kennis Jan Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The evolution of female-limited colour polymorphism in damselflies (Odonata, Zygoptera).  01/10/2006 - 30/09/2008 Abstract Polymorphism is common in the natural world. In many damselfly species (Odonata) multiple female morphs are encountered in natural populations. Typically, two distinct morphs occur. While one female morph (called the andromorph) resembles the conspecific male in body colouration and sometimes behaviour, the other morph (called the gynomorph) is distinct. Recent studies suggest female polymorphism to be genetically determined and female morphs to face differential selective pressures. As such, it is widely believed that the polymorphism results from sexual conflict in which females have evolved traits to avoid excessive male harassment. The overall goal of my doctoral research is to come closer to understanding the maintenance and evolution of female-limited polymorphism. My main focus will be on evaluating the following questions: ¿Although a crucial assumption, evidence remains circumstantial on whether male harassment affects female fitness negatively, and does so differential with respect to female morph. This question will be studied experimentally by exposing female morphs to variable numbers of copulations and levels of male harassment while determining female morph longevity and fecundity. In addition levels of male harassment will be quantified in natural populations that differ in male densities and female morph frequencies. Also, I will evaluate whether female morph behaviour is variable under such different densities and frequencies. ¿Quantifying the spatial and temporal variation in female morph frequencies and male densities. This will be achieved through standardised sampling in natural populations using fixed transects or a uniform sample technique with an insect net. ¿Differences in body colouration and/or behaviour may have relevance for a species'' thermal ecology, especially for ectothermic insects such as damselflies. Generally darker individuals heat up faster then paler ones which allows them to achieve a higher activity level (e.g. predator avoidance, egg maturation) under unfavourable weather condition, ultimately resulting in fitness advantages. Thus, I will study thermal characteristics of males and female colour morphs under laboratory conditions and in the field. ¿Several hypotheses suggest female morphs to vary in costs and benefits under different environmental conditions and assume female morph fitness to be variable. I will study variation in female morph condition (by determining several long-term and short-term signals) under varying environmental conditions (throughout an entire flight season). Different signals may indicate individual condition during different periods within an individual''s lifetime. Body size and developmental stability (fluctuating asymmetry) reflects past (larval) history, whereas short-term signals depend on current nutritional status and are highly sensitive to changes in the environment. Duration 01/10/2006 - 30/09/2008 Researcher(s) Fellow: Bots Jessica Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Sabbatical leave in order to fully adress the research challenges of REST (Remote Explosive Scent Training).  01/10/2006 - 30/09/2007 Abstract Research on the application of Remaote Explosive Scent Detection (REST) using African pouched rats. Duration 01/10/2006 - 30/09/2007 Researcher(s) Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of developmental homeostasis on the evolutionary potential of a complex trait: the skull of the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis) as model system.  01/07/2006 - 31/12/2010 Abstract Morphological development is affected by deterministic (environment and genotype) and stochastic (developmental stability and canalisation) components. The latter potentially relates to stress and may play an important role in evolutionary processes. In this project the effects of foodstress on developmental stability and canalisation will be studied using the skull of the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis) as model system. The genetic basis of the stochastic components will be investigated. Duration 01/07/2006 - 31/12/2010 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Rodent dynamics and damage in rainfed crops in Tigray, northern Ethiopia: development and evaluation of rodent management strategies.  01/04/2006 - 31/03/2008 Abstract Rodents are responsible for substantial damage to food and cash crops worldwide. Although several species are recognized as pests, there are no quantified estimates of crop losses due to rodents in most of Ethiopia. The presence of refuge habitats may have impact on the neighbouring fields with crops. Stone bunds are a farming and land management system with several advantages including soil and water conservation, increased yields of crops and a more sustainable farming practice. However, it is also claimed by farmers that the system has created good habitats for rodents. Control measures are taken only when rodent population densities are high and heavy damage is noticed in the field. In the proposed study, we will investigate the importance of rodents in fields with and without stone bunds and determine whether rodent problems undermine the advantages of increased crop yields in the stone bund fields. Further, the study shall examine the most appropriate strategies for management of rodents in these systems and how they can be integrated in an easy to adopt package. Duration 01/04/2006 - 31/03/2008 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: D'Haese Luc Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Towards an ecological explanation for the focality of a vector-borne parasite infection, bubonic plague, in Lushoto, Tanzania.  01/01/2006 - 31/12/2009 Abstract In the proposed project, we will investigate the hypotheses that the ecological factors responsible for the focality are the rodent and flea fauna composition and density, soil composition, microclimate (humidity, temperature, exposure), connectivity of the landscape or a combination of such elements. Testing these hypotheses will help us in understanding how pathogens spread (or are limited) within a host population. This will in turn be a basis to develop risk maps that can predict areas where plague could possibly establish itself permanently, or where human plague is more likely to occur. Duration 01/01/2006 - 31/12/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Integrated study of fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental stress and lifetime reproductive success in songbirds.  01/01/2006 - 31/12/2007 Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry is a very promising yet controversial measure of fitness. In this project, its use will be tested in detail in zebra finches and great tits Duration 01/01/2006 - 31/12/2007 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Molecular phylogeography of Mastomys natalensis: an evolutionary framework for understanding rodent-borne diseases.  01/01/2006 - 31/12/2006 Abstract The objective of this proposal is to complete the study of rodent-borne diseases by establishing an evolutionary framework of the host pathogen interactions. The phylogeography of the African multimammate mouse M. natalensis, reservoir for arenaviruses and other pathogens, will be realised using molecular markers. The results will be used to reconstruct the relationships among M. natalensis populations and investigate the co-evolution between M. natalensis and arenaviruses. Duration 01/01/2006 - 31/12/2006 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Sexual conflicts and sexual selection in a hermaphroditic slug: The effects of body size on sex allocation and sperm competition.  01/01/2006 - 31/12/2006 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/01/2006 - 31/12/2006 Researcher(s) Fellow: Dillen Lubina Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of rodents and insectivores in the epidemiology of mycobacterial infections in Africa.  01/10/2005 - 16/02/2010 Abstract To determine the role of rodents and insectivores in the epidemiology of mycobacterial infections in Africa, a large number of small mammals is captured in sites in Tanzania where mycobacterial infections are reported in humans and livestock. Different organs of these animals are tested using culture methods, PCR and acid fast staining. The isolated mycobacteria are compared with previously isolated mycobacteria in humans and livestock. Duration 01/10/2005 - 16/02/2010 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Mating conflicts in the hermaphroditic land snail Succinea putris (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).  01/10/2005 - 31/12/2007 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2005 - 31/12/2007 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Jordaens Kurt Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Adaptation to secondary habitats: the ecology and population genetics of the rodent genus Praomys s.l. in fragmented rainforest.  01/10/2005 - 30/09/2006 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2005 - 30/09/2006 Researcher(s) Fellow: Kennis Jan Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Dynamics in the population of the Common earwig in orchards: optimization of the presence of an essential predator.  01/07/2005 - 30/06/2009 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/07/2005 - 30/06/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Impact of heavy metal contamination on grasslands.  12/05/2005 - 11/05/2007 Abstract Grasslands are the Cinderella of environmental protection; they are often overshadowed by more favoured environments such as forests or heathland. However, there is a growing awareness among ecologists of the strong links that exist between above- and belowground parts of grassland ecosystem. Under the strong and persistent heavy metal contamination significant functional shifts in grassland ecosystems may result from disturbances of both their above- and below compartments. The aim of the project is to evaluate the impact of heavy metal contamination on the relative contributions of bottom-up and top-down forces acting within and between the different compartments of grassland ecosystems. The identification of the key components and the tracing of the nutrient flow will improve our understanding of the human impact on their functioning and persistence. The identification of sensitive indicators must enable us 1) to recognize early changes in the structural and functional components of the ecosystem and 2) to assess the health status. Duration 12/05/2005 - 11/05/2007 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: De Bruyn Luc Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Dispersal, parental care and personality traits in the Great Tit.  01/01/2008 - 30/04/2009 Abstract We aim to investigate the behavioural mechanisms underlying variation in dispersal in birds, i.e. the degree of movement between birth and reproduction. In particular we will study (1) the relation with heritable personality traits that determine the animals'' response to unfamiliar situations and/or conspecific individuals (so-called "shy-bold" continuum), and (2) the influence of parental behaviour on dispersal of offspring, notably the extent of family movements preceding dispersal. Duration 01/01/2008 - 30/04/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Matthysen Erik Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Sexual selection in hermaphroditic animals: an example of the land snail Succinea putris (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Gastropoda).  01/05/2005 - 30/04/2009 Abstract This project uses the land snail Succinea putris to test several recent hypotheses on sexual selection and sperm-trading in hermaphroditic animals: 1) individuals assess the quality of their partner even during copulation, 2) individuals change the physiology of their partner to enhance their fertilization chances, 3) individuals allocate more to male structures at higher population densities and 4) reciprocal sperm-transfer not necessarily implements reciprocal fertilization. Duration 01/05/2005 - 30/04/2009 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Principal investigator: Jordaens Kurt Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Perplexing variation in the mating system of endemic island damselflies (Insecta: Odonata): a first example of sex-role reversal in odonates?  01/05/2005 - 31/12/2006 Abstract My research aims at a first ever report of sex-role reversal in damselflies. Benefits of the project include the potential for better understanding of the evolution and the variation in animal mating systems, in particular for closely related species. A strong character of the project is the multi-species approach whereby male and female behaviours and sex ratios of several species will be compared, ultimately, with understanding of the evolutionary relationships between the studied species. Duration 01/05/2005 - 31/12/2006 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Gossum Hans Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Morphological and molecular species delimitations in selected East African murines (Mastomys, Arvicanthis en Lophuromys).  01/04/2005 - 30/09/2005 Abstract Despite the fact that several African murines are known to spread diseases, and that some taxa are responsible for the destruction to the crops of African farmers, the taxonomy of these species is poorly known. The objective of this proposal is to combine craniometric and molecular methods to delimit and characterize some of these pest species. The result will be a tool (''DNA barcode) that allows the fast and accurate identification of these taxa, a precondition for their effective management. Duration 01/04/2005 - 30/09/2005 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Butterflies in fragmented forests as model organisms for the study of the relationship between developmental instability and genetic variation.  01/01/2005 - 31/12/2008 Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), i.e. small directionally random differences between the left and right side of a bilaterally symmetric trait, is a potentially interesting and useful indicator of various forms of stress. Although definitions may vary with different sources in the literature, the underlying developmental mechanism assumes that during growth, the developmental pathway of a trait is disturbed (by the processed named ''developmental noise'') and that there may be mechanisms that attempt to limit the effects of these disturbances (the process of ''developmental stability''). The joint effect of noise and stability are known as developmental instability (Dl), where higher instability results in a, on average, higher degree of asymmetry. Many studies have shown or found indications that FA (and thus presumably Dl) increases with environmental (parasites, abiotic factors) and genetic (inbreeding, break-up of coadapted gene complexes) stress (reviewed in several chapters in Polak, 2003). Because it has been suggested that the effects of stress on FA may become apparent before important fitness consequences are observed, FA may act as an ''early warning system'' (sensu Clarke, 1995) and may form an important tool to identify populations and/or species that require conservation measures before extintion is inevitable. Although of enormous potential in theory, the practical appliction of FA in general and in a conservation biology context more specifically, has been hampered by the vast heterogeneity in the observed associations between FA and stress. More specifically, the lack of general guidelines that allow to predict if and when - for which species(-groups), forms of stress and morphological traits -FA can be expected to increase with stress, has limited its use and has provoked may debates in the recent literature. This project aims at investigating the usefulness of FA as bio-marker of the potentially negative effects of inbreeding in two relatively closely related butterfly species (Pararge aegeria and Cymothoe teita). P. aegeria is a relatively common European butterfly while C. teita is a threatened and endemic species of the Taita Hills, Kenia. Both species inhabit woodlands that have become intensively affected by fragmentation and degradation worldwide. P. aegeria will be intensively studied under both controlled lab conditions and in the field. This part of the research will allow us to explore and test some fundamental aspects of factors that affect the F A-heterozygosity association ( details of specific hypotheses follow below). To achieve this, we will (i) perform a breeding experiment under controlled conditions where levels of inbreeding will be manipulated experimentally, (ii) study the FA-inbreeding association in the field, (iii) measure FA for a range of different traits that vary in functional importance and (iv) estimate genetic variation using markers with different levels of selective neutrality (microsatellite vs. allozymes, where for the latter butterflies have to be killed). This type of research can only be performed in species like P. aegeria which is relatively common and can be reared and manipulated easily in the lab. In research on threatened species, like C. teita, experimental possiblilities are limited and one should attempt to limit the impact of the research activities on the organism. Therefore, we will limit research on C. teita to measuring FA through digital fotographs and the estimation of genetic variation using microsatellite markers only, based on DNA amplified from small tissue samples. These two non-invasive and non-lethal methods will first be developed and tested in P. aegeria in the lab and field. The fundamental insights obtained from P. aegeria with respect to the FA-inbreeding associations will allow us to carefully plan the work on C. teita and to evaluate the observed patterns. In this project we specifically aim at addressing a number of fundamental questions w Duration 01/01/2005 - 31/12/2008 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Emerging diseases in a changing European environment. (EDEN)  01/11/2004 - 31/05/2010 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/11/2004 - 31/05/2010 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group A bio-economical model for rodent control in Africa : a regional solution for a local problem ?  01/10/2004 - 30/09/2008 Abstract Mastomys mice are the most important rodent pests in Africa. An existing, but site-restricted bio-economical model will be validated, for the first time under real field conditions and in cooperation with local farmers. Regional variation in population dynamics will be included in the model through the demographic analysis of existing capture-recapture data from 4 countries. The final model will provide a tool to formulate economical control strategies. Duration 01/10/2004 - 30/09/2008 Researcher(s) Fellow: Sluydts Vincent Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors: KDR genvariation and detection.  01/10/2004 - 30/09/2006 Abstract Malaria vector control is primarly based on the use of bed nets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides. The appearance of insecticide resistance in a mosquito population can nullify the positive effect of the vector control. Appropriate monitoring of resistance to insecticides is an integral component of planning and evaluation of insecticide uses in malaria control programmes. The usual means of detecting insecticide resistance is a bioassay where a relative large number of insects has to be exposed, for a defined period of time, to an insecticide-impregnated paper. However, these bioassays are difficult to implement in field conditions. The main problems are the collection of an appropriate number of mosquitoes and the fact that a bioassay can be biased by fluctuations in temperature and age. Molecular detection systems for insecticide resistance can be usefull if the molecular resistance mechanism is known. Pyrethroids and DDT block the nerve-impuls conduction by preventing the para-type sodium channel from returning to their closed-gated configuration after an action potential. An important resistance mechanism, known as knockdown resistance or kdr, is due to a substitution in the S6 segment of domain II of the para-type sodium channel. Point mutations in the para-type sodium channel gene have been linked to kdr in several insects, including the African malaria vector An.gambiae. For An.gambiae, diagnostic PCR test have been developed for the detection of the kdr mutation. For this vector, the frequency of the kdr allele in a population was strongly correlated with the reduced mortality observed in a bioassay. The aim of this thesis is to develop diagnostic tests to detect the knockdown resistance in field populations of the African (An.arabiensis and An.funestus) and Southeast Asian (An.sundaicus, An.minimus, An.dirus, An.vagus and An.sinensis) malaria vectors. The diagnostic tests will be used to determine the kdr frequency in these vectors. Later, the developed tests will be used by the Malaria Control Programmes of Africa, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Duration 01/10/2004 - 30/09/2006 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The evolution of female-limited colour polymorphism in damselflies (Odonata, Zygoptera).  01/10/2004 - 30/09/2006 Abstract Polymorphism is common in the natural world. In many damselfly species (Odonata) multiple female morphs are encountered in natural populations. Typically, two distinct morphs occur. While one female morph (called the andromorph) resembles the conspecific male in body colouration and sometimes behaviour, the other morph (called the gynomorph) is distinct. Recent studies suggest female polymorphism to be genetically determined and female morphs to face differential selective pressures. As such, it is widely believed that the polymorphism results from sexual conflict in which females have evolved traits to avoid excessive male harassment. The overall goal of my doctoral research is to come closer to understanding the maintenance and evolution of female-limited polymorphism. My main focus will be on evaluating the following questions: ¿Although a crucial assumption, evidence remains circumstantial on whether male harassment affects female fitness negatively, and does so differential with respect to female morph. This question will be studied experimentally by exposing female morphs to variable numbers of copulations and levels of male harassment while determining female morph longevity and fecundity. In addition levels of male harassment will be quantified in natural populations that differ in male densities and female morph frequencies. Also, I will evaluate whether female morph behaviour is variable under such different densities and frequencies. ¿Quantifying the spatial and temporal variation in female morph frequencies and male densities. This will be achieved through standardised sampling in natural populations using fixed transects or a uniform sample technique with an insect net. ¿Differences in body colouration and/or behaviour may have relevance for a species'' thermal ecology, especially for ectothermic insects such as damselflies. Generally darker individuals heat up faster then paler ones which allows them to achieve a higher activity level (e.g. predator avoidance, egg maturation) under unfavourable weather condition, ultimately resulting in fitness advantages. Thus, I will study thermal characteristics of males and female colour morphs under laboratory conditions and in the field. ¿Several hypotheses suggest female morphs to vary in costs and benefits under different environmental conditions and assume female morph fitness to be variable. I will study variation in female morph condition (by determining several long-term and short-term signals) under varying environmental conditions (throughout an entire flight season). Different signals may indicate individual condition during different periods within an individual''s lifetime. Body size and developmental stability (fluctuating asymmetry) reflects past (larval) history, whereas short-term signals depend on current nutritional status and are highly sensitive to changes in the environment. Duration 01/10/2004 - 30/09/2006 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Van Gossum Hans Fellow: Bots Jessica Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group The role of rodents in the epidemiology of mycobacterial infections in Africa.  01/10/2004 - 30/09/2005 Abstract Mycobacteria can cause a variety of diseases, e.g. leprosy, tuberculosis and Buruli ulcer. Control of mycobacterial diseases is important because of the rising number of HIV-infected patients, especially in developing countries. Rodents can be a reservoir for mycobacteria and therefore a source of infection for humans and livestock. However, it is not yet clear how prevalent mycobacterial infections are in rodents and what their possible role is in the transmission of these infections. A better insight in the role of rodents will contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of mycobacterial infections in densely populated areas with low levels of hygiene, e.g. in and around expanding cities in Africa. In this study we will try to make an inventory of the mycobacterial flora in rodents caught in and around an African city. The isolated strains will be compared, using molecular techniques, with mycobacteria isolated from humans and livestock. Until now, natural reservoirs have been poorly investigated, earlier studies focus primarily on either humans or livestock. In this study we include livestock because of its economical importance but mainly because it is a well documented source of infection for zoonotic tuberculosis. The final objective is to come to a better control of the disease with better control strategies through a better understanding of the ecology of these infections. Duration 01/10/2004 - 30/09/2005 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Les rongeurs à Kisangani : patrimoine, peste et pilote.  01/03/2004 - 28/02/2009 Abstract The project aims to offer the University of Kisangani the opportunity to (re)build its international contacts. This will be done through a pilot project in the department of biology, studying the rodent biodiversity in the Kisangani area, changes in this fauna due to deforestation and rodents'' role as pest species in agriculture. It is expected that this project, besides its own scientific value, also will support the new dynamism within UNIKIS. Duration 01/03/2004 - 28/02/2009 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Demographic and population dynamic modelling of small rodents in semiarid environments.  01/01/2004 - 31/12/2005 Abstract For decades the relative importance of environmental (density-independent) factors and system intrinsic feedback mechanisms (density dependence) in determining population dynamics have been debated among ecologists. Small mammal populations have been intensely studied, stimulated by the remarkable cycles that were observed in voles and lemmings in the holarctic region. More southward, small mammal populations are not cyclic and these have received less attention. Population outbreaks of small rodents in western South America and eastern Africa (such as the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis darwini and the African multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis) are correlated with years of unusually high rainfall and increased primary production. The population dynamic patterns however appear to be very different. Both small rodents respond positively to rainfall pulses, but there are important differences in the seasonal, density-dependent and density-independent structures. In the African multimammate mouse, the density-dependent processes are of first order, suggesting a direct effect of density on population growth. The existence of delayed density-dependence in leaf-eared mouse in Chile may imply some trophic interaction with predators. In order to understand the consequences of these differences, we will investigate how demographic processes respond to environmental variability for populations having direct and delayed density-dependencies of varying strength. In addition, we need to understand the functional dependence of population growth rate on the degree of variation in demographic rates and to understand how these demographic rates have varied in the past. Duration 01/01/2004 - 31/12/2005 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Maintenance and evolution of intrasexual colour polymorphism in damselflies.  01/10/2003 - 30/09/2006 Abstract Although, sexual variation is traditionally understood as being any difference exhibited between males and females, evolution has often resulted in the coexistence of alternative reproductive morphs within the sexes. Significant progress has been made in understanding within species coexistence of discrete male colour morphs, while female polymorphism is less understood. Typically, one of the female damselfly morphs is coloured like the male, while the other morphs are different. While one group of researchers argue that male-like females are functionally male mimics, others believe that males predominantly mate with the most common female morph in the population. Importantly, both field and experimental (using different insectaries with a range of densities and frequencies) studies support a relationship between population conditions (density, sex ratio, morph frequency) and morph-specific fitness correlates (i.e. survival, mating success). However, in order to explain the maintenance of female polymorphism, differences in morph-specific fitness should be encountered if fluctuations occur in population conditions. Unfortunately, only very limited information on spatial and temporal fluctuations in population conditions and related morph-specific costs and benefits is available. Our current understandings of emergence, maintenance and disappearance of multiple female morphs are even more limited. One way to examine the evolution of female polymorphism is to consider closely related species with known phylogenetic relationships. If species differ in presence/absence of multiple female morphs and in ecology then inspection of the phylogenetic tree will contribute to our understandings of female polymorphism. Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/09/2006 Researcher(s) Fellow: Van Gossum Hans Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Matching fund bij Europees project "Prevention of sanitary risks linked to rodents at the rural/peri-urban interface".  01/10/2003 - 31/12/2005 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/12/2005 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group No title found  01/10/2003 - 31/07/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/07/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Co-existence of multiple female morphs in damselflies.  01/10/2003 - 30/04/2004 Abstract Explaining the co-existence of multiple morphs within a species remains a challenge for evolutionary theory. Recent research suggests arelation between population conditions and morph-specific fitness. The aim of this project is to determine whether spatial and temporal variation in population conditions and related morph-specific fitness may explain the maintenance of multiple female morphs in damselflies. Moreover, differences in morph-specific thermal ecologies wijl be related to variation in population conditions and fitness. Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/04/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Gossum Hans Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Prevention of sanitary risks linked to rodents at the rural/peri-urban interface. (RATZOOMAN)  01/10/2003 - 30/06/2006 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/06/2006 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group No title found  01/10/2003 - 31/12/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/12/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors: KDR gene variation and detection.  01/10/2003 - 30/09/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/09/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Diagnostics and control of rodent-borne viral zoonoses in Europe. (RODENT-BORNE ZOONOSES)  01/10/2003 - 31/10/2005 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/10/2005 Researcher(s) Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group No title found  01/10/2003 - 30/09/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/09/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Phylogeography of hermaphroditc terrestrial snails in Europe (Mollusca, Gastropoda).  01/10/2003 - 30/04/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/04/2004 Researcher(s) Co-principal investigator: Jordaens Kurt Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Population genetics of European periwinkles (Mollusca, Gastropoda: Littorinidae).  01/10/2003 - 30/04/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/04/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group No title found  01/10/2003 - 31/03/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/03/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Genetic differentiation in uniparental terrestrial slugs (Stylommatophora)  01/10/2003 - 31/12/2003 Abstract In this project, I will investigate the taxonomy of two land gastropod species complexes, Carinarion spp. and Arion intermedius and study the evolutionary significance of the interaction between self- and cross-fertilization in the colonizing capacity, the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships among populations and genetic strains, the genetic differentiation and the genetical/morphological diversity in both complexes. Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/12/2003 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Life history responses to time constraints and ecological constraints during the larval period in the damselfly Lestes viridis.  01/10/2003 - 31/12/2003 Abstract When environments within the range of a species vary, it is unlikely that any single phenotype will confer high fitness in all situations. As a result most genotypes may express life history traits differently across environments. Moreover genotypes may also differ in reaction norms. The aim is to study life history responses to a combination of time constraints and ecological constraints imposed on larvae of Lestes viridis by using both the optimality and genetic approach. Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/12/2003 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Backeljau Thierry Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group No title found  01/10/2003 - 30/09/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 30/09/2004 Researcher(s) Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group No title found  01/10/2003 - 31/08/2004 Abstract No abstract found Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/08/2004 Researcher(s) Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Effects of environmental stress on the evolutionary potential of developmental stability .  01/10/2003 - 31/12/2004 Abstract Developmental stability is assumed to reflect individual genetic quality. Individual developmental stability can be estimated with seeming ease, by small deviations from perfect symmetry (i.e. fiuctuating asymmetry). In this project we study the effe cts of environmental stress on the presumed association between individual genetic quality and both developmental stability and fiuctuating asymmetry. Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/12/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Van Dongen Stefan Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Gene flow and effective population size in non-equilibrium conditions.  01/10/2003 - 31/12/2004 Abstract Maintenance of genetic variation is a central aim to long-term management of free-living populations. Estimates of effective population size and gene flow often require assumptions on equilibrium between mutation, gene flow and drift, and are not applicable to strongly fluctuating or decreasing populations. In this project we use time series of genetic samples of birds and mammals to test methods calculating genetic parameters in non-equilibrium conditions. Duration 01/10/2003 - 31/12/2004 Researcher(s) Principal investigator: Leirs Herwig Research Team(s) Evolutionary ecology group Expertise Show the team expertise Leirs Herwig Consultancy on the management of rodent-related problems in agriculture and public health, with a particular expertise in Africa. Technique:  - Protein electrophoresis, PCR-techniques (random amplified polymorphic DNA, Single Strand Conformation Polymorphisms, etc.), DNA-sequencing - Advanced statistical computing - Equipment for field rodent research Users:  - Public authorities - Organisations or companies with activities in pest control in agriculture and public health, nature conservation, food safety control, control on the international trade in endangered species (CITES), forensic zoology, epidemiology, development cooperation - Pharmaceutical industry (for statistical data treatment) Keywords:  BIOSTATISTICS, DISEASE ECOLOGY, NATURE CONSERVATION, PEST CONTROL, ANIMAL DETECTION Morfological and molecular identification of small mammals (particularly rodents), molluscs and insects. Technique:  - Protein electrophoresis, PCR-techniques (random amplified polymorphic DNA, Single Strand Conformation Polymorphisms, etc.), DNA-sequencing - Advanced statistical computing - Equipment for field rodent research Users:  - Public authorities - Organisations or companies with activities in pest control in agriculture and public health, nature conservation, food safety control, control on the international trade in endangered species (CITES), forensic zoology, epidemiology, development cooperation - Pharmaceutical industry (for statistical data treatment) Keywords:  BIOSTATISTICS, DISEASE ECOLOGY, NATURE CONSERVATION, PEST CONTROL, ANIMAL DETECTION Matthysen Erik Population viability analysisand genetic analysis of (natural) populations. Technique:  - Population and landscape modelling - Neutral genetic markers (DNA, allozymes) - Statistical data analysis Users:  - Administrations - NGOs and consulting agencies involved in spatial planning, nature management, species conservation Keywords:  GIS, MODELLING, GENETIC MARKERS Evaluation of landscape connectivity. Technique:  - Population and landscape modelling - Neutral genetic markers (DNA, allozymes) - Statistical data analysis Users:  - Administrations - NGOs and consulting agencies involved in spatial planning, nature management, species conservation Keywords:  GIS, MODELLING, GENETIC MARKERS