This chapter is based largely on Marlier, E., Cantillon, B., Nolan, B., Van den Bosch, K. and Van Rie, T. (2009) ‘Developing and learning from measures of social inclusion in the European Union’ Revised version (dated 29 October 2009) of the paper prepared for the Joint OECD/University of Maryland International Conference on Measuring Poverty, Income Inequality, and Social Exclusion - Lessons from Europe (Paris, 16-17 March 2009).